In English, the digraph ae functions chiefly as a suffix to denote the plural of Latin borrowings that retain a hint of their original “Latin-ness,” chiefly in the realm of scientific vocabulary.
The rule for forming the plural of scientific terms ending in –a is to change the –a to –ae. Ordinarily, the pronunciation of this –ae is long e [ee].
alga/algae
Note, the hard g [/g/] in alga [al-gah] becomes a soft g [/j/) in algae [al-jee].
larva/larvae
I once noticed a television ad for a flea-killing product for pets. The principal message was that the product “doesn’t just kill adult fleas, but eggs and larvae as well.” The first time I saw the ad, the voice-over pronounced what was clearly meant as the plural larvae as [lar-vuh]. On a subsequent airing of the same ad, the pronunciation had been changed from [lar-vuh], but not to [lar-vee]. This time, it was pronounced [lar-vay].
Charles Elster, known for his often curmudgeonly The Big Book of BEASTLY Mispronunciations, admonishes the careful speaker to avoid pronouncing the –ae as either long i [lar-vye] or long a [lar-vay]
pupa/pupae
Merriam-Webster shows the first pronunciation for pupae with a long e [piu-pee], but gives a second pronunciation with long i [piu-pye].
vertebra/vertebrae
Elster devotes an especially long commentary to the plural of vertebrae. He definitely does not want to hear it pronounced as [ver-tuh-bray]. I suspect that he would find the pronunciation guide to this word in Merriam-Webster especially disheartening. Three pronunciations of vertebrae are given: 1. [ver-tuh-bray], 2. ver-tuh-bree], 3. [ver-tuh-brah]. The plural vertebras is also listed.
Several of these Latinate words have alternative –s plurals in addition to their –ae endings, depending upon context. For example, formulae is used in some scientific writing, but formulas has become the norm in most other contexts.
Here are some words that are used with either the –ae or –s plural.
persona/personae/personas
antenna/antennae/antennas
scapula/scapulae/scapulas
lacuna/lacunae/lacunas
Another –ae plural that Charles Elster feels strongly about is alumnae, a woman who has graduated from a particular school, college, or university. The singular is alumna. Again, M-W would be a disappointment to him. The first pronunciation listed is [alum-nee], but a second choice is also given: [alum-nye].
The masculine form of alumna is alumnus. The plural of alumnus is alumni. The masculine plural alumni can include women graduates. For that reason, co-ed universities refer to their graduates as alumni [alum-nye]. An all-women’s college, on the other hand, will refer to its graduates as alumnae [alum-nee]. In this age of gender consciousness, the traditional words alumnus, alumna, alumni, and alumnae may all combine in the gender-neutral shortening, alum, with alums as the plural.
If the pronunciation of the suffix –ae can be contentious, the pronunciation of ae in other parts of a word can be downright perplexing.
Consider:
sundae
M-W gives both [sun-day] and [sun-dee]
daemon
Both OED and M-W give [dee-mon] as the only pronunciation. However, owing to the use of the word to refer to good spirits in some kinds of fiction, many readers pronounce it [day-mon] to distinguish it from demon, a word for bad spirits.
faerie
The OED makes no difference between the pronunciation of fairy and faerie. M-W, however, differentiates between fairy [fer-ee] and faerie [fay-ree].
aerie
This word for a high nest can be pronounced [air-ee] or [eer-ee].
aegis
Elster says, “Do not say [AY-jis],” but M-W gives [ay-jis] as the first pronunciation and Elster’s preferred [EE-jis] second.
Finally, we have Caesar [see-zer], Maeve [mayv], and maestro [my-stro]
Bottom line: When in doubt, look it up.
“Daemon” is also used in the computer world to refer to a background computer program that runs without a user operating it directly.
It was intended (my research and experience tells me) to be pronounced “dee-mon” because it was coined to suggests demons or spirits doing stuff in the computer on their own–and the people who coined it were educated in English.
But I hear many younger tech folks pounce it “day-mon” I attribute this, as I do many mispronunciations in the field, to many technologists only having learned it from reading, not hearing it said aloud, and I suspect many young tech folks have spend a lot of time learning technology, but have not placed much importance on learning English.
You say “look it up” but, with dictionaries being descriptive rather than prescriptive, the “wrong” pronunciations will no doubt soon be found there when and if they do look it up.
Maeve & company –
No satisfaction at all!
Mick Jaeger
The singer pronounces his name with a short a [jah-ger]
I expect you will correct this to remove this example, since the frontman of the greatest Rock ‘n’ Roll band in the world spells his name ‘Jagger.’
Steve,
Abject apologies. I can offer only Dr. Johnson’s reason for misdefining the word “pastern.” Ignorance, Sir, pure ignorance.
“in this age of gender consciousness…”
Gender political correctness is more appropriate. Feminists are obsessed with gender. It’s the wimin’s tribe raison d’etre.