Covid2019 / SARSCoV2 coronavirus antivirals
Peter D'Adamo, ND
Timestamp : 2024/04/26 (16:49:51)
Please Note: This table is in a perpetual state of flux.
Conc:
Maximum concentration |
Cyto:
CorV cytopathic effects |
CorV:
Coronavirus activity |
InfV:
Influenza activity |
HerV:
Herpesvirus activity |
HIV:
HIV activity |
HepV:
Hepatitis activity |
Evid:
Evidence Basis |
Poly:
Polypharmacy cocktail |
| Refs: References |
S: Speculative |
E: Empirical |
O: Observational |
R: Case/ Field Report |
I: In Vitro |
Y: Yes |
N: No |
Multi: Multiple actions |
|
| |
|
Interferons |
Multi |
Conc |
Cyto |
CorV |
InfV |
HerV |
HIV |
HepV |
Poly |
Evid |
Refs |
| Interferon α-2a (Roferon) |
|
100,000 IU/mL |
N |
Y |
|
|
|
Y |
|
O/I |
1 |
| Interferon α-2b (Intron A) |
|
500,000 IU/mL |
N |
|
|
|
|
Y |
|
O/I |
1 |
| Interferon α-n1 (Wellferon) |
|
500,000 IU/mL |
Y |
Y |
|
|
|
Y |
|
O/I |
1 |
| Interferon α-n3 (Alferon; genital warts) |
|
10,000 IU/mL |
Y |
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
O/I |
1 |
| Interferon β-1a (Rebif) |
|
500,000 IU/mL |
N |
|
|
|
|
|
|
O/I |
1 |
| Interferon β-1b (Betaferon |
|
100,000 IU/mL |
Y |
Y |
|
|
|
|
Y |
O/I |
1 |
| |
|
Nucleoside analogs |
Multi |
Conc |
Cyto |
CorV |
InfV |
HerV |
HIV |
HepV |
Poly |
Evid |
Refs |
| Acyclovir (Zovirax) |
|
1,000 µg/mL |
N |
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
O/I |
1 |
| Ganciclovir (Cymevene; cytomegalovirus) |
|
50,000 µg/mL |
N |
|
|
|
|
|
|
O/I/R |
1 | 10 | 13 |
| Ribavirin ICN |
|
10,000 µg/mL |
Y |
Y |
Y |
|
|
Y |
|
O/I |
1 |
| Taribavirin |
|
|
Y |
|
Y |
|
|
Y |
|
S |
68 |
| |
|
Protease inhibitors |
Multi |
Conc |
Cyto |
CorV |
InfV |
HerV |
HIV |
HepV |
Poly |
Evid |
Refs |
| Indinavir (Crixivan) |
|
100 µmol/L |
N |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
O/I |
1 |
| Nelfinavir (Viracept) |
|
10,000 nmol/L |
N |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
O/I |
1 |
| Saquinavir (Fortovase) |
|
10,000 nmol/L |
N |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
O/I |
1 |
| Camostat (Foipan; inhibits TMPRSS2 and other cell-surface proteases ) |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
O/I |
47 | 117 |
| Lopinavir/Ritonavir (Kaletra, Aluvia) |
|
|
Y |
Y |
|
|
|
|
Y |
O/I/R |
1 | 10 | 13 |
| Epigallocatechin gallate (green tea) |
2 actions |
|
|
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
|
O/E |
45 | 109 | 110 |
| Kaempferol-7-glucoside |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
O/E |
45 |
| Mycophenolic acid) |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
Y |
O/I |
55 |
| Darunavir (Prezista) |
|
|
Y |
|
Y |
|
Y |
|
Y |
O/E/R |
69 | 70 |
| Houttuynia cordata (Also SARS RNA polymerase inhibitor) |
|
|
Y |
Y |
Y |
|
Y |
|
|
O/I |
72 |
| Mercaptopurine |
|
|
Y |
Y |
|
|
|
|
Y |
E |
76 | 77 | 80 |
| Angelica keiskei (Ashitaba;chalcones) |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
O/I |
84 |
| Disulfiram (antabuse) |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
Y |
|
|
O/I |
90 |
| |
|
Furin Convertase Cleavage inhibitors |
Multi |
Conc |
Cyto |
CorV |
InfV |
HerV |
HIV |
HepV |
Poly |
Evid |
Refs |
| Tenofovir_disoproxil |
2 actions |
|
|
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
O/I |
111 |
| Dolutegravir |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
O/I |
111 |
| Boceprevir |
2 actions |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y |
|
O/I |
111 |
| Andrographolide (Andrographis spp) |
4 actions |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
O |
24 | 114 | 116 |
| Luteolin |
2 actions |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
O |
63 | 113 |
| Oroxylum indicum |
2 actions |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
O |
112 |
| Baicalein |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
O |
112 |
| |
|
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors |
Multi |
Conc |
Cyto |
CorV |
InfV |
HerV |
HIV |
HepV |
Poly |
Evid |
Refs |
| Lamivudine (Epivir) |
|
1,000 µmol/L |
N |
|
|
|
Y |
Y |
|
O/I |
1 |
| Zidovudine (Retrovir) |
|
1,000 µg/mL |
N |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
O/I |
1 |
| |
|
RNA Polymerase/Synthesis Inhibitors |
Multi |
Conc |
Cyto |
CorV |
InfV |
HerV |
HIV |
HepV |
Poly |
Evid |
Refs |
| Remdesivir (novel nucleotide analog prodrug) |
|
|
Y |
Y |
|
|
|
|
Y |
O/R |
1 | 10 | 86 |
| Sofosbuvir (Hepatitis C treatment) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y |
|
S |
|
| Dactinomycin (actinomycin D) |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
Y |
E |
80 |
| Favipiravir (T-705; Avigan; Favilavir) |
|
|
|
Y |
Y |
|
|
|
|
O/E |
93 | 103 |
| Galidesivir (BCX4430, Immucillin-A) |
|
|
|
Y |
Y |
|
|
|
Y |
E |
93 |
| Baloxavir marboxil (Xofluza) |
|
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
Y |
E |
93 |
| |
|
Neuraminidase inhibitors |
Multi |
Conc |
Cyto |
CorV |
InfV |
HerV |
HIV |
HepV |
Poly |
Evid |
Refs |
| Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) |
|
10,000 µmol/L |
N |
|
Y |
|
|
|
Y |
O/R |
1 | 10 | 13 |
| Zanamivir (Relenza) |
|
1,000 µmol/L |
N |
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
O/I |
1 |
| Sheng Jiang San |
|
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
S |
53 |
| Cynanchum wilfordii |
|
40 μg/mL |
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
S |
54 |
| Balanophora involucrata |
|
40 μg/mL |
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
S |
54 |
| Pyrola calliantha |
|
40 μg/mL |
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
S |
54 |
| Paeonia delavayi |
|
40 μg/mL |
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
S |
54 |
| |
|
Angiotensin II receptor blockers |
Multi |
Conc |
Cyto |
CorV |
InfV |
HerV |
HIV |
HepV |
Poly |
Evid |
Refs |
| Valsartan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S |
|
| Telmisartan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S |
|
| Losartan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S |
57 |
| Irbesartan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y |
|
E |
58 |
| Azilsartan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S |
|
| Olmesartan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S |
|
| Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
O/I |
42 |
| Radix Polygoni multiflori) |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
O/I |
42 |
| Caulis Polygoni multiflori) |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
O/I |
42 |
| Emodin (anthraquinone) |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
Y |
O/I |
42 | 81 |
| ACE2 Receptor-binding Domain (RBD) |
2 actions |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S |
90 | 91 |
| Soluble ACE2 Receptor Adhesin |
2 actions |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S |
90 | 92 |
| Astragalus spp. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S |
116 |
| |
|
Endosome fusion inhibitors/ Endosome alkalinizers |
Multi |
Conc |
Cyto |
CorV |
InfV |
HerV |
HIV |
HepV |
Poly |
Evid |
Refs |
| Skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis; baicalin; 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone) |
3 actions |
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
O/I |
28 | 98 | 102 |
| Chloroquine (Hydroxychloroquine; antimalarial) |
2 actions |
|
Y |
Y |
|
|
|
|
Y |
O/R |
66 | 89 |
| Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica; Hevein-like superantigen lectin) |
3 actions |
|
Y |
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
O/I |
2 | 3 | 93 | 99 | 116 |
| Griffithsin (red algae Griffithsia sp) |
2 actions |
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
O/I |
2 | 4 | 99 |
| Quinine (Chinchona sp) |
2 actions |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S |
101 |
| Chloroquine analogs(hydroxychloroquine, pamaquine, plasmoquine, primaquine, mefloquine, ferroquine) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S |
100 |
| Lactoferrin (apolactoferrin) |
|
|
|
Y |
|
Y |
Y |
|
|
S |
104 | 105 |
| |
|
AAK1, GAK and Clathrin A,B,C (Endocytosis) Inhibitors |
Multi |
Conc |
Cyto |
CorV |
InfV |
HerV |
HIV |
HepV |
Poly |
Evid |
Refs |
| Baricitinib (AAK1, GAK, JAK1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E |
61 |
| Sunitinib (AAK1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S |
61 |
| Erlotinib (AAK1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S |
61 |
| Fedratinib (AAK1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S |
61 |
| Gefitinib (Iressa; GAK) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S |
62 |
| Cinnamomi Cortex (cinnamon; clathrin inhibitor) |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
O/I |
64 |
| Silibinin (milk thistle; clathrin inhibitor) |
|
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
Y |
|
S |
65 |
| |
|
Hemagglutinin esterase Inhibitors |
Multi |
Conc |
Cyto |
CorV |
InfV |
HerV |
HIV |
HepV |
Poly |
Evid |
Refs |
| 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin |
|
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
S |
51 |
| Sambucus nigra L. (elderberry; lipid raft formation ) |
3 actions |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
S |
52 | 116 |
| |
|
Cytokine or Other Inflammatory Inhibitors and Modulators |
Multi |
Conc |
Cyto |
CorV |
InfV |
HerV |
HIV |
HepV |
Poly |
Evid |
Refs |
| Ligustrazine (Tetramethylpyrazine; alkaloid from Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S |
71 |
| Statins (anti-inflammatory) |
|
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
S |
9 |
| Melatonin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y |
E |
78 | 79 | 80 |
| Eplerenone (aldosterone receptor antagonist) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E |
81 |
| Methylprednisolone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
O/E |
88 |
| |
|
Cathepsin-B Inhibitors |
Multi |
Conc |
Cyto |
CorV |
InfV |
HerV |
HIV |
HepV |
Poly |
Evid |
Refs |
| Qushi Huayu Decoction |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S |
48 | 50 |
| Salvianolic acid B (Salvia miltiorrhiza) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S |
49 |
| |
|
Cathepsin-L Inhibitors |
Multi |
Conc |
Cyto |
CorV |
InfV |
HerV |
HIV |
HepV |
Poly |
Evid |
Refs |
| MOL736 |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
E |
14 |
| Wenyang Huoxue Lishui Recipe |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S |
15 |
| Drynariae rhizoma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S |
16 |
| Chelidocystatin (Chelidonium majus L.) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S |
17 |
| Astaxanthin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S |
18 |
| Curcumin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
19 |
| Vitamin D |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20 |
| |
|
Helicase nsp13 Inhibitors |
Multi |
Conc |
Cyto |
CorV |
InfV |
HerV |
HIV |
HepV |
Poly |
Evid |
Refs |
| Valsartan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I/E |
11 |
| Bananin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I/E |
11 |
| Iodobananin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I/E |
11 |
| Vanillinbananin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I/E |
11 |
| Eubananin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I/E |
11 |
| Radix Isatis |
|
Non-specific |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S |
46 |
| Silvestrol (Aglaia silvestris; Aglaia foveolata) |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
O/I |
97 |
| |
|
MBL2 Gene Agonists |
Multi |
Conc |
Cyto |
CorV |
InfV |
HerV |
HIV |
HepV |
Poly |
Evid |
Refs |
| Beta Glucans |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y |
|
S |
33 | 82 |
| Chinese Chive (Allium Tuberosum) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
41 |
| Garlic (Allium sativa) |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
O/I |
39 | 83 |
| Japanese Angelica Acutiloba Root |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8 |
| Larch Arabinogalactan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
34 | 35 |
| Shallots (Allium ascalonicum) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
36 |
| Smilax Rhizome (Sarsparilla) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
38 |
| Vitamin A (Retinol) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
S |
40 |
| Wild Garlic (Allium ursinum) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
39 |
| |
|
TP53 Inhibition of SARS coronavirus |
Multi |
Conc |
Cyto |
CorV |
InfV |
HerV |
HIV |
HepV |
Poly |
Evid |
Refs |
| Vitexin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
30 |
| Nigella sativa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
22 | 23 |
| Noni (Morinda citrifolia) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
31 |
| Horehound (Marrubrium spp |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
26 |
| Gossypol (Gossypium spp) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
25 |
| Celandine (Chelidonium spp) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
32 |
| |
|
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) |
Multi |
Conc |
Cyto |
CorV |
InfV |
HerV |
HIV |
HepV |
Poly |
Evid |
Refs |
| Toremifene (first generation nonsteroidal SERM) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y |
E |
74 | 81 |
| Equilin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E |
75 | 81 |
| |
|
Anti-viral Lectins |
Multi |
Conc |
Cyto |
CorV |
InfV |
HerV |
HIV |
HepV |
Poly |
Evid |
Refs |
| Garlic (Allium sativum ; monocot mannose-binding lectin) |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
O/I |
39 | 83 |
| Leek (Allium porrum; monocot mannose-binding lectin) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
59 |
| Onion (Allium cepa agglutinin) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
60 |
| Jacalin (jackfruit seeds) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
S |
2 |
| Sambucus nigra L. (black elder; type 1, and type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein:'RIPs) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 |
| Galanthus nivalis (Snowdrop Agglutinin; gp120 fusion inhibitor) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
12 |
| Hippeastrum hybrid (Amaryllis) agglutinin (HHA) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
12 |
| Shallots (Allium ascalonicum; mannose-binding lectin) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
36 |
| Smilax Rhizome (Sarsparilla) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
38 |
| Momordica charantia (Bitter melon; RIP protein) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
43 | 44 |
| |
|
Miscellaneous Drugs |
Multi |
Conc |
Cyto |
CorV |
InfV |
HerV |
HIV |
HepV |
Poly |
Evid |
Refs |
| Amantadine (Symmetrel) |
|
1,000 µg/mL |
N |
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
E |
1 |
| Foscarnet (Foscavir; anti-herpetic) |
|
8,000 µmol/L |
N |
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
E |
1 |
| Triazavirin (non-nucleoside antiviral developed for H5N1) |
|
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
S |
1 |
| Umifenovir (Arbidol) |
|
|
Y |
|
Y |
|
|
|
Y |
O/E/R |
69 | 70 |
| Sirolimus (Rapamycin; mTOR inhibitor) |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
Y |
E |
80 | 81 |
| Everolimus (mTOR inhibitor) |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
Y |
E |
81 |
| Nitazoxanide (Thiazolide anti-parasitic) |
|
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
Y |
|
O/I |
93 | 94 |
| Tizoxanide (Metabolite of nitazoxanide; antiparasitic) |
|
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
Y |
|
O/I |
93 | 94 |
| Caraphenol A (Resveratrol trimer; IFITM inducer) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S |
95 |
| |
|
Miscellaneous Procedures |
Multi |
Conc |
Cyto |
CorV |
InfV |
HerV |
HIV |
HepV |
Poly |
Evid |
Refs |
| Mesenchymal Stem Cell Treatment |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E |
85 |
| Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E |
87 | 90 |
| Washed Microbiota Transplantation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E |
88 |
| Anti-S antibodies (2019-nCoV) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S |
90 |
| (siRNA) / Antisense Oligonucleotide Therapy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S |
90 |
| |
|
General antiviral natural products |
Multi |
Conc |
Cyto |
CorV |
InfV |
HerV |
HIV |
HepV |
Poly |
Evid |
Refs |
| Cimicifuga rhizoma |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
| Meliae cortex |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
| Glycyrrhizin (active component of licorice) |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
|
56 |
| Coptis rhizoma |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
| Phellodendron cortex |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
| Sophora subprostrata and Radix Sophora |
|
|
Y |
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
O/I |
5 | 73 |
| Vitamin C (ascorbate) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S |
19 | 20 |
| Sambucus FormosanaNakai (species of elderberry) |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
O |
66 |
| Caffeic acid |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
O |
66 |
| Resveratrol |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
O/I |
96 |
| Acanthopanacis Cortex |
|
|
Y |
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
O/I |
73 |
| Sanguisorbae Radix (Great Burnet) |
|
|
Y |
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
O/I |
73 |
| Torilis Fructus |
|
|
Y |
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
O/I |
73 |
| Selenium |
|
|
|
|
|
Y |
Y |
Y |
|
O/E |
106 | 107 | 108 |
| Bupleurum spp |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
O/E |
118 |
| Sulforaphane |
2 actions |
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
O/E |
119 |
| |
|
NRF2 (NFE2L2) Antioxidant Response Element enhancers |
Multi |
Conc |
Cyto |
CorV |
InfV |
HerV |
HIV |
HepV |
Poly |
Evid |
Refs |
| |