“Part of our mission is to achieve targeted research investments," says Dr. Paul Sundberg, executive director of Swine Health Information Center (SHIC). "When SVV reared its head, we needed better diagnostic tools and timely information. This need defined one of our main 2016 research targets." SHIC funded research to develop better SVV diagnostics with oral fluids and ELISA, to obtain SVV duration of shedding and to define SVV disinfectant efficacy. "From this information, we now have better ways to identify SVV and create SVV control strategies," says Sundberg. "SVV was not a lone target of our research mission, we also focused on other critical issues like feed biosecurity research, Sapelovirus, Pasivirus, undiagnosed CNS signs and more. As we look at increasing SVV cases this winter, we must increase vigilance for SVV. I’d like to invite you to peruse this newsletter and focus in on our final and interim SVV reports developed by our fine group of investigators on these important research projects.”
SHIC wishes you and yours a safe and healthy holiday season and a prosperous 2017.
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Although SVV may not be at its highest peak from early fall, in the recent data from the Swine Health Monitoring Project (SHMP), it’s still very much out there and poses a big risk to farms and packing plants alike. However, the bigger risk may be assuming that SVV is what you are actually seeing. The reality could be far worse, which is why it’s critical that you always contact your state or federal animal health official when you see clinical signs of vesicular disease to ensure it’s not foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), which is in the same family (Picornaviradae).
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Can foreign animal diseases enter the US via feed imports from high risk countries?
Until recently, we didn’t know the answer, because the research had not been done. Thanks to Dr. Scott Dee at the Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, South Dakota State University (SDSU) and Swine Health Information Center (SHIC), www.swinehealth.org, we can now answer that question.
“The answer appears to be true,” says Dee. “Via simulation, we’ve shown for the first time that viral pathogens can move from country to country through feed imports from countries of high-risk to countries without the disease.”
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Senecavirus A (SVA) or Seneca Valley virus (SVV) is a picornavirus that was originally identified as a cell culture contaminant in the US in 2002. Subsequent sequencing of unidentified picornaviruses viruses isolated from pigs with a variety of clinical presentations revealed the presence of SVV in the US swine population since 1988. In the past ten years, scattered reports have described the association of SVV with cases of swine idiopathic vesicular disease (SIVD) in New Zealand, Australia, Canada, and the US. Most importantly, since November 2014 there have been increased reports of SVV associated with vesicular disease in swine in Brazil and since July 2015 in the US.
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Seneca Valley Virus infection can imitate other foreign animal vesicular diseases such as FMD. New serologic tests specific for SVV infection, including an IFA, serum neutralization, direct ELISA and FMIA were developed to allow producers and veterinarians to determine whether pigs have been recently exposed to this virus. An additional blocking ELISA is currently in development to allow for further specificity.
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The specific aims of this proposal are to develop a set of direct diagnostic tools that allows direct detection of SV-A in situ. A) Development of SVA immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for the detection viral antigen in infected cell culture (completed). B) Development of SVA-IHC for detection of viral antigen in clinical specimens (currently under development). C) Development of SVA in situ hybridization (fluorescent and/or chromogenic) for direct visualization of viral nucleic acid in clinical specimens (completed).
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In 2006, in China, over 2 Million pigs were affected by Highly Pathogenic PRRS Virus. Over 400,000 died. Today, the variant virus continues to plague the area, leaving open the possibility of trans-Pacific introduction into North America. The Swine Health and Information Center (SHIC) announces a new addition to its collection of pathogen fact sheets, Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (HP-PRRSV) (http://www.swinehealth.org/fact-sheets/). The fact sheets give details on pathogens featured in SHIC’s Swine Disease Matrix.
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Recognizing the likelihood of future transboundary disease outbreaks, an information resource was created by the Center for Food Security and Public Health (CFSPH) for the Swine Health Information Center (SHIC). Focusing on 24 poorly understood transboundary production diseases, this resource will help guide industry decisions related to two priorities for preparedness. A literature review was conducted for each of the 24 diseases covering etiology; cleaning and disinfection; epidemiology; transmission; pathogenesis, clinical signs, and postmortem lesions associated with infection in swine; diagnostic tests; immunity; prevention and control; and gaps in preparedness. A short summary for each disease was also prepared, providing producers, veterinarians, and industry personnel an abbreviated version of each review. These resources have been published on the SHIC website at http://swinehealth.org/fact-sheets/. Additionally, a quick reference guide was prepared detailing diagnostic testing information described in the literature, covering each of the viruses listed below.
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While Senecavirus A (Seneca Valley Virus) has long been known to be present in US swine, these data suggest the presence of Senecavirus A was not a common finding in oral fluid samples of US swine (i.e., in US swine not otherwise known to have clinical history of acute lameness and/or presence of vesicular lesions) at the time (8/24/2015 – 9/01/15) these samples were submitted to the Iowa State University and University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories.
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This study was designed to determine the efficacy of three commonly used disinfectants against the newly emerging Seneca Valley virus (SVV) when applied to five different surfaces (cement, rubber, plastic, stainless steel, and aluminum). The disinfectants tested included bleach, Tek-Trol, and Synergize at 40 C and at room temperature (~250 C). The results showed that a 1:20 dilution of household bleach (5.25% sodium hypochlorite) was effective in killing the virus at either temperature and at any of the five surfaces tested. Tek-Trol was found not to be effective at either temperature while Synergize gave results that were between those of bleach and Tek-Trol.
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The objectives of this project were to enhance the industry’s knowledge of Senecavirus A’s (SVA) spread and prevention by investigating new cases in a timely, efficient, and uniform manner and to determine the most common gaps in biosecurity that may have led to the introduction of SVA in farms we investigated. Our long term goal, is to continue to refine this outbreak investigation program and service so that it can serve as a deployable asset to the Swine Health Information Center (SHIC), the National Pork Board (NPB), the American Association of Swine Veterinarians (AASV), and other industry stakeholders in the event of endemic, emerging, or transboundary disease outbreaks.
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Seneca Valley Virus (or Seneca Virus A (SVA)) has been detected on swine farms in the United States with an alarmingly high rate since the summer of 2015. While not a new virus to the US or the world, little was known about the shedding patterns before now. This study was designed to describe the shedding patterns on one sow farm in the South central part of Minnesota. 2 days after the onset of clinical signs, and foreign animal disease investigation, 34 sows were identified in gestation based on presence of vesicular lesions on the snout and feet. From each sow, a tonsil swab, rectal swab, lesion swab, and serum sample were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 9 weeks post outbreak. From these samples, it is suggested that SVA is shed with considerable individual variation from tonsils for 6 – 9 weeks, the feces/rectum for 4 – 6 weeks, and snout lesions for 2 weeks. Additionally, there was a short viremic period of only 1 week. The results of this study shed light on the shedding patterns of SVA and might also suggest the use of tonsil swabs, or rope samples for herd surveillance after the initial outbreak.
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